دانشگاه اصفهان مطالعات وقف و امور خیریه 3115-7475 4 2 2026 09 23 The Structural Relationship Between Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitude, Behavioral Intention, and Actual Behavior of Endowment: Testing a Model from the Perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior روابط ساختاری بین هنجار ذهنی، کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شده، نگرش، نیت رفتاری و رفتار واقعی انجام وقف: آزمون یک مدل از دیدگاه نظریۀ رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده 73 92 30759 10.22108/ecs.2026.149298.1201 FA محمد احمدی ده قطب الدینی استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد انار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، انار، ایران 0000-0003-1738-2220 رضا میرزائی راد استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد انار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، انار، ایران الهام محمودآبادی دبیر، آموزش‌وپرورش، سیرجان، ایران Journal Article 2026 06 12 Introduction A systematic review of previous research in the field of waqf (endowment) shows that most studies have focused on demographic and economic factors affecting waqf. A common theory in the field of social psychology is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which is derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and attempts to explain individuals' behavior in various situations (Ramayah et al., 2009). This theory presents a model that can predict an individual's behavior through intention. Intention is defined as an individual's perception of the likelihood of performing a behavior (Gopi & Ramayah, 2007). In this theory, intention is the precursor to actual behavior; intention is the key element that exists within the individual before they act upon it. In other words, the factors that influence an individual's behavior affect behavior through intention. Intention is an important element for influencing an individual's action, and if it is absent, nothing will happen (Hasbullah et al., 2015; Mohamad et al., 2023). To date, only a few studies have applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the context of charitable giving (Baqutayan & Mahdzir, 2017), and in a few studies, monetary donation has been examined using the TPB (Putra & Isfandayani, 2020). Overall, these studies support the application of the TPB as a framework for charitable giving, as attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control all emerge as significant predictors of intentions and behavior (Knowles et al., 2012). Despite the aforementioned research, there is a significant theoretical gap in the literature: first, no study in Iran has tested the structural model of the TPB in the context of waqf (endowment). Second, previous research has largely focused on one or two variables of the model and has not tested the full model with direct and indirect relationships. Third, most studies have been conducted in Western societies, and given the cultural and religious differences, generalizing the results to the Islamic-Iranian society poses a challenge. Therefore, the necessity of the present study lies in simultaneously testing the structural relationships among all constructs of the TPB in the domain of waqf within an Iranian sample. Methodology The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all individuals who participated in charitable activities in the city of Anar (similar to previous studies that worked with individuals who were involved in charitable acts such as donating money). Since no official sampling frame of donors in Anar was available, a voluntary (convenience) sampling method was used, and 86 individuals participated in the study. Due to the limited sample size, the bootstrap method with 5,000 resamples was employed to estimate standard errors and examine the stability of the results. A 15-item questionnaire was used, with items adapted from the studies of Rad et al. (2023), Iyigun et al. (2016), and Mirzaei et al. (2019). The items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from never (score 0), maybe (score 1), low probability (score 2), high probability (score 3), and definitely (score 4). In the present study, reliabilities were calculated using Cronbach's alpha method. The results showed that the reliability for attitude toward performing waqf was 0.96, behavioral intention to perform waqf was 0.95, perceived behavioral control over performing waqf was 0.75, subjective norm regarding waqf was 0.89, and actual waqf behavior was 0.80. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the construct validity of the questionnaire items. The results indicated that the 5-factor model had a good fit with the data and demonstrated adequate construct validity. Findings The results showed that the model had a good fit among the charitable participants. The results of direct effects between variables indicated that the direct effect of behavioral intention to perform waqf and perceived behavioral control over performing waqf on actual waqf behavior was positive and significant. The results also showed that the direct effect of attitude toward performing waqf and subjective norm regarding waqf on behavioral intention to perform waqf was positive and significant, but the direct effect of perceived behavioral control over performing waqf on behavioral intention to perform waqf was not significant. The results of indirect (mediating) effects also showed that behavioral intention to perform waqf played a positive and significant mediating role in the relationship between attitude toward performing waqf and actual waqf behavior, as well as in the relationship between subjective norm regarding waqf and actual waqf behavior. However, behavioral intention to perform waqf did not play a significant mediating role in the relationship between perceived behavioral control over performing waqf and actual waqf behavior. Discussion and Conclusion The present study examined the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in predicting waqf (endowment) behavior among donors in Anar, Iran. Overall, the findings support the utility of the TPB as a framework for understanding charitable giving in an Islamic-Iranian context, consistent with prior research (Knowles et al., 2012; Baqutayan & Mahdzir, 2017). The significant direct effects of behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control on actual waqf behavior confirm that both motivational and volitional factors are crucial in translating intentions into action. This finding aligns with the core premise of the TPB that behavior is not solely determined by intention but also by the individual's perceived ease or difficulty in performing the behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Furthermore, the positive and significant effects of attitude and subjective norm on behavioral intention suggest that personal evaluations of waqf and perceived social pressure from significant others are key drivers of donation intentions. These results are consistent with studies in other charitable contexts (Putra & Isfandayani, 2020; Ramayah et al., 2009). However, the non-significant direct effect of perceived behavioral control on intention, as well as its non-significant indirect effect on behavior through intention, warrants attention. This finding deviates from the original TPB assumptions and may be explained by the unique nature of waqf as a religiously motivated, long-term commitment rather than a routine behavioral decision. In the Iranian context, where religious values strongly shape charitable practices, social norms and personal attitudes may override perceptions of control when forming intentions. Additionally, the lack of formal institutional support or accessible information about waqf procedures in Iran may render perceived behavioral control less relevant for intention formation, while still directly influencing actual behavior when opportunities arise. These findings have important practical implications. To promote waqf participation, policymakers and charitable organizations should focus on shaping positive public attitudes through awareness campaigns and leveraging religious and community leaders to strengthen subjective norms. Simplifying administrative processes and providing accessible guidance could also enhance actual engagement. In conclusion, the TPB proves to be a valuable framework for studying waqf behavior in Iran, though its application may require cultural adaptations. Future research should explore additional variables, such as religious identity, trust in institutions, and altruistic values, to enrich the model. Longitudinal studies with larger samples are also recommended to establish causality and enhance generalizability. Acknowledgments We are most grateful to all those who cooperated in conducting this research, and we especially thank the participants for their invaluable contribution. این مطالعه با هدف آزمون یک مدل دربارۀ رفتار واقعی وقف از دیدگاه نظریۀ رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده انجام شد. به این منظور، از طرح توصیفی-همبستگی استفاده شد و یک نمونۀ 86نفری از خیرین شهر انار به روش نمونه‌گیری داوطلبانه انتخاب شدند و به یک پرسشنامۀ 15پرسشی پاسخ دادند. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آماری تحلیل مسیر تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد اثر مستقیم نگرش نسبت به وقف و هنجار ذهنی وقف بر نیت رفتاری وقف مثبت و معنادار بود، اما اثر مستقیم کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شدۀ وقف بر نیت رفتاری وقف معنادار نبود. اثر مستقیم نیت رفتاری وقف و کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شدۀ وقف بر رفتار واقعی وقف مثبت و معنادار بود. نتایج واسطه‌ای نیز نشان داد نیت رفتاری وقف نقش واسطه‌ای مثبت و معناداری در رابطۀ بین نگرش نسبت به وقف و رفتار واقعی وقف و در رابطۀ بین هنجار ذهنی وقف با رفتار واقعی وقف داشت، اما در رابطۀ بین کنترل رفتاری ادراک‌شدۀ وقف و رفتار واقعی وقف نقش واسطه‌ای معناداری نداشت. بنا بر نتایج، نیت رفتاری انجام وقف نقشی مهم در ایجاد رفتار واقعی انجام وقف با انتقال اثر نگرش نسبت به انجام وقف و هنجار ذهنی انجام وقف بر رفتار واقعی انجام وقف دارد.

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